Sea Moss Mix Dossier 

Supplement Name: Sea Moss Mix

Introduction

Supplement Information: Overview of Components

This sea moss mix combines potent marine and terrestrial ingredients designed to provide a high-density nutritional profile. Each dose is composed of:

• Organic Irish Moss (Chondrus crispus): A red macroalgae meticulously documented for its biological properties. It is a rich source of proteins, minerals (such as iodine, iron, and magnesium), and essential vitamins (A, B, C, E, and K). It is particularly valued for its carrageenan content, a polysaccharide used as a stabilizer and thickening agent with emerging biological applications.

• Organic Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus): A brown seaweed traditionally used to treat thyroid-related complications and obesity due to its exceptionally high iodine content. It contains bioactive compounds such as fucoidan and phlorotannins, which are associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

• Organic Burdock (Arctium lappa): A perennial herb whose roots have been revered for centuries in traditional medicine as a "blood detoxifier". It is a repository of prebiotic fibers like inulin, as well as phenolic antioxidants such as chlorogenic acid.

• Black Pepper Extract (Piper nigrum): Formulated as a concentrated extract containing piperine, the compound responsible for black pepper's distinct flavor and various health benefits. Its primary role in this mix is as a bioavailability enhancer.

Rationale for Development

The development of this supplement mix is rooted in three key scientific principles: nutritional synergy, bioavailability enhancement, and metabolic support.

1. Synergistic Nutritional and Antioxidant Profile

Marine macroalgae like Irish Moss and Bladderwrack provide a unique array of bioactive secondary metabolites—such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and sulfated galactans—that are not commonly found in land plants. Combining these with Burdock root creates a comprehensive nutraceutical profile that supports the body's defense against oxidative stress. Research shows that these ingredients help neutralize free radicals, which are major factors in the onset of chronic inflammatory conditions.

2. Bioavailability Optimization with Piperine

The critical inclusion of Black Pepper Extract (standardized for piperine) serves to counteract the low absorption rates often associated with specific nutrients. Piperine has been shown to:

• Increase the absorption of various minerals and plant compounds (e.g., curcumin and selenium) by stimulating thermogenic action in the small intestine.

• Improve the uptake of iron, which is abundant in seaweeds, making it more biologically productive for the consumer.

• Modify the permeability of the intestinal barrier to allow for more efficient nutrient transport into the bloodstream.

3. Metabolic and Immune System Support

The mix is designed to target modern health challenges, such as Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Clinical and animal studies suggest that the polysaccharides found in Bladderwrack and Irish Moss (fucoidan and carrageenan) can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity by inhibiting digestive enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, these seaweeds have been shown to enhance innate immune responses by modulating the expression of stress-resistance genes.

4. Skin and Tissue Health

Burdock and Irish Moss have specific implications for skin quality. Burdock extract supports wound healing and circulation to the skin's surface, while the high mineral and vitamin content of the seaweeds aids in maintaining skin texture and combating aging.

Individual Component Profiles

The supplement blend is designed as a synergistic combination of marine and terrestrial superfoods, optimized for nutrient delivery. Below are the detailed profiles for each individual component.

#1 Organic Irish Moss (Chondrus crispus)

• Origins:

    ◦ This red macroalga is widely distributed across the Northern Atlantic, commonly found on rocky shores near the middle Atlantic and Canadian coastlines.

    ◦ It is historically harvested for the production of carrageenan, which is utilized extensively in the food and cosmetic industries as a stabilizer and thickener.

• Mechanism of Action:

    ◦ Irish Moss is rich in sulfated polysaccharides (carrageenans), proteins, peptides, and essential minerals like iodine.

    ◦ It has been shown to upregulate critical stress-resistance genes, such as sod-3 and skn-1, which help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance cellular oxidative stress tolerance.

    ◦ Additionally, its methanolic extracts contain galactolipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like EPA and AA that possess potent anti-inflammatory properties.

• Translation to Health:

    ◦ Neuroprotection: Research in model organisms shows Irish Moss can decrease the accumulation of α-synuclein and protect dopaminergic neurons, suggesting a defensive role against neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s disease.

    ◦ Gut and Immune Health: It functions as a prebiotic, increasing beneficial colonic microbiota (like Bifidobacterium) while simultaneously boosting innate immune responses to bacterial pathogens.

#2 Organic Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)

• Origins:

    ◦ Bladderwrack is a brown, perennial edible seaweed found in cold-temperate waters from the littoral and sublittoral regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including the Arctic, Barents, and Norwegian Seas.

• Mechanism of Action:

    ◦ It is a primary source of fucoidan, a complex sulfated polysaccharide, and phlorotannins, which are unique marine-exclusive phenolic compounds.

    ◦ These compounds inhibit the digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which slows the breakdown of carbohydrates and delays glucose absorption in the small intestine.

    ◦ It also contains exceptionally high levels of iodine, essential for metabolic regulation.

• Translation to Health:

    ◦ Metabolic Syndrome Support: Clinical studies show that extracts from Bladderwrack can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, and waist circumference in overweight subjects.

    ◦ Anti-Inflammatory Action: Fucoidans in Bladderwrack modulate immune responses and inhibit inflammation-related signaling pathways (NF-κB and MAPK), offering potential benefits for joint health and chronic inflammatory disorders.

#3 Organic Burdock (Arctium lappa)

• Origins:

    ◦ A member of the Asteraceae family, Burdock is native to Asia and Europe, growing at altitudes up to 3300 meters above sea level.

• Mechanism of Action:

    ◦ The root serves as a storage repository for prebiotic fibers (inulin), lignans (arctigenin and arctiin), and phenolic antioxidants like chlorogenic acid.

    ◦ Bioactive components like arctigenin activate the AMPK pathway, which acts as a "metabolic switch" to regulate glucose uptake and lipid metabolism while inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis.

• Translation to Health:

    ◦ Detoxification and Skin Health: Traditionally revered as a "blood detoxifier," it promotes circulation to the skin surface, improving quality and texture in cases of eczema and acne.

    ◦ Hepatoprotection: Burdock root extract has shown encouraging results in protecting the liver from damage and oxidative stress induced by heavy metals (such as cadmium and lead) and certain medications.

#4 Black Pepper Extract (Piper nigrum)

• Origins:

    ◦ Hailed as the "king of spices," black pepper is a globally staple seasoning whose active medicinal effects are primarily attributed to the alkaloid piperine.

• Mechanism of Action:

    ◦ Piperine acts as a bioavailability enhancer by stimulating thermogenic action in the small intestine, which increases the transport of nutrients into the bloodstream.

    ◦ It modifies the fluidity of the intestinal lipid bilayer and increases microvilli length to overcome the "steric hindrance" that often limits nutrient absorption.

    ◦ Furthermore, it inhibits enzymes involved in the metabolism of certain compounds, thereby extending their presence in the system.

• Translation to Health:

    ◦ Absorption Synergy: Piperine can increase the absorption of essential minerals like iron, as well as other bioactive plant compounds (such as curcumin, which it enhances by up to 2,000%).

    ◦ Cognitive and Metabolic Support: Studies suggest it helps protect brain cells, improve memory, and stabilize blood sugar levels by increasing glucose absorption from the blood into the cells.

Patient Populations and Associated Benefits 

The components within this sea moss blend—Irish Moss, Bladderwrack, Burdock, and Black Pepper—have been studied across various human and animal populations. Research indicates that these ingredients primarily target metabolic health, immune resilience, and nutrient absorption.

Primary Populations Studied

Clinical research has focused significantly on individuals with metabolic and inflammatory challenges:

• Overweight and Obese Adults: 

Studies on a phytocomplex of Bladderwrack and Ascophyllum nodosum demonstrated significant reductions in waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels after six months of use. These populations also showed improvements in the HOMA index, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity.

• Type 2 Diabetic and Dysglycemic Patients: 

Clinical trials involving these populations found that seaweed-derived nutrients can significantly reduce HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG).

• Populations with Skin Disorders: 

Burdock root has a long history of use for those suffering from acne, eczema, and psoriasis. Recent pilot testing confirmed that peptides isolated from Burdock exhibit anti-bacterial activity against acne-causing strains.

• Individuals Facing Viral Exposure: 

A randomized, placebo-controlled study of healthcare workers showed that iota-carrageenan (derived from Irish Moss) significantly reduced the incidence of COVID-19 and other viral infections.

• Athletes and Physically Active Individuals: 

Research on Black Pepper Extract (Piperine) emphasizes its benefit for athletes by increasing the bioavailability of iron, which is essential for oxygen transport and recovery.

Secondary / Exploratory Populations

Recent research has identified several "exploratory" populations where components of this mix show promise, though more human data is often required:

• Patients with Osteoarthritis: Pilot studies on fucoidan (found in Bladderwrack) suggested improvements in joint pain and stiffness, though some results were not significantly different from placebos in larger trials.

• Individuals at Risk for Neurodegeneration: In model organisms, Irish Moss and Burdock root have shown neuroprotective effects against pathologies associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, specifically by protecting dopaminergic neurons and improving memory.

• Subjects with Gastric Ulcers: Burdock root and its active component, arctigenin, have been explored for facilitating the healing of gastric mucosa and reducing H. pylori adhesion.

• Individuals Exposed to Toxins: Burdock root has demonstrated hepatoprotective properties in subjects exposed to heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium) and drug-induced toxicity from acetaminophen.

Contextual Use Considerations (Structure/Function)

When considering this blend for general wellness (non-therapeutic use), several factors regarding its biological "structure and function" should be noted:

• Bioavailability Enhancement: The inclusion of Black Pepper Extract (Piperine) is critical for non-therapeutic use, as it acts as a thermonutrient. It modifies the intestinal lipid bilayer to increase the absorption of vitamins and minerals by up to 2,000% for specific compounds like curcumin.

• Thyroid and Metabolic Function: Due to the high iodine content in Bladderwrack and Irish Moss, the blend supports the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the basal metabolic rate.

• Prebiotic Support: Both Burdock (rich in inulin) and Irish Moss function as prebiotics, enriching beneficial gut microbiota (like Bifidobacterium) and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

• Antioxidant Defense: The phlorotannins in Bladderwrack and the phenolic acids in Burdock provide a comprehensive system for scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced damage.

Safety Note: Because components like Bladderwrack can lower blood sugar and contain high levels of iodine, individuals with thyroid disorders or diabetes should consult a healthcare provider before use.

Krafted Formulation Rationale 

Supplements Krafted Different

The rationale behind the Krafted Formulation for this sea moss blend is built upon rigorous sourcing standards, specific bioactive targets, and a delivery system designed to maximize nutrient absorption while preparing for future clinical validation.

Sourcing Standard: Environmental Optimization

The potency of this blend is fundamentally tied to the environmental conditions in which the raw materials thrive.

• Marine Selection: Fucus vesiculosus (Bladderwrack) is sourced from the cold-temperate and Arctic waters of the Northern Hemisphere, where high salinity and specific seasonal variations drive the accumulation of protective bioactive compounds.

• On-Land Cultivation for Stability: To counteract the decreasing natural populations and ensure food security, specific strains of Chondrus crispus (Irish Moss) are utilized from on-land cultivation, providing a consistent, high-quality supply of proteins and pigments.

• Altitude-Driven Terrestrial Potency: Arctium lappa (Burdock) is selected based on cultivation altitude. Research confirms that roots grown at higher altitudes (800m over sea level) exhibit significantly greater phenolic content and antioxidant activity compared to those grown at lower elevations, due to increased abiotic stressors like UV radiation and cooler temperatures.

Standardization Targets: Primary Bioactives

Krafted formulations move beyond "whole plant" labels by targeting the specific secondary metabolites responsible for therapeutic efficacy.

• Irish Moss: 

Standardized to support stress-resistance genes (such as sod-3 and skn-1) and high concentrations of carrageenans (40–50% of dry weight), which serve as critical prebiotic and immune-modulating agents.

• Bladderwrack: 

Focused on a high-density profile of fucoidans (up to 26% DW) and phlorotannins (up to 12% DW), alongside a specific titration of iodine for metabolic support.

• Burdock: 

Standardized for its lignan content, specifically arctigenin and arctiin, as well as phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, which are essential for its "blood detoxifying" and anti-inflammatory properties.

• Black Pepper Extract: 

Utilizing a patented extract standardized to contain at least 95% piperine, ensuring it can perform its role as a bioavailability enhancer.

Delivery Form Justification: The Bioavailability Bridge

The inclusion of Black Pepper Extract (Piperine) is a deliberate choice to overcome the common intestinal barriers to nutrient absorption.

• Thermonutrient Action: 

Piperine acts as a thermonutrient, stimulating thermogenic action in the small intestine to increase the transport of minerals and plant compounds into the bloodstream.

• Membrane Modification: 

It increases nutrient uptake by modifying the fluidity of the intestinal lipid bilayer and increasing microvilli length, which can enhance the absorption of compounds like curcumin (found in other supplements) by up to 2,000% and essential minerals like iron.

• Digestive Resilience: 

Functional evaluations show that the key bioactives in Fucus (polyphenols and flavonoids) remain stable and are effectively released during the gastric phase of digestion, justifying the oral delivery of this blend.

Clinical Mindset + Future FDA Pathway Readiness

The formulation rationale is designed with a view toward clinical efficacy and safety standards necessary for potential FDA pathways.

• Standardization vs. Toxicity: 

History shows that non-standardized preparations, such as homemade burdock teas, have caused anticholinergic toxicity due to contaminated or uncontrolled alkaloid levels. Krafted’s commitment to standardization is a direct safety measure to prevent such incidents.

• Validated Metabolic Impact: 

Clinical trials already support the use of these marine phytocomplexes for managing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) risk factors, demonstrating significant reductions in waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels over six-month periods.

• Pharmacokinetic Foundations: 

By understanding the glucuronidation and hydrolysis of active markers like arctigenin, the formulation is optimized to ensure that these compounds can exert their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects effectively in human subjects.

Safety, Interactions & Quality Considerations

The formulation of this sea moss mix has a rigorous approach to safety and quality control, particularly regarding the high mineral content of the marine macroalgae and the bioavailability-enhancing effects of piperine.

Known Safety Profile & Common Side Effects

The components of this blend are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption.

• General Tolerance: Clinical studies on seaweeds (Chondrus and Fucus) have shown them to be well-tolerated with no major adverse effects on organ toxicity or physiological function during six-month interventions.

• Common Side Effects: Minor reported reactions include contact dermatitis or allergic responses from Burdock. In some instances, high doses of seaweed polysaccharides can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort or a "fishy" taste/odor.

• Iodine Considerations: Excessive consumption of Bladderwrack can lead to iodine poisoning or hyperthyroidism, as the upper tolerable intake for adults is 600 μg per day.

Contraindications & Medication Interactions

The presence of Black Pepper Extract (Piperine) and metabolic-regulating seaweeds necessitates caution for specific populations:

• Bioavailability Interference: Piperine is a potent inhibitor of Cytochrome P450, meaning it can increase the plasma half-life of drugs metabolized in the liver, potentially enhancing both their therapeutic and adverse effects.

• Blood Sugar & Anticoagulants: Because piperine and seaweeds can lower blood sugar, patients with diabetes or those taking insulin/metformin should monitor for hypoglycemia. Furthermore, interactions may occur with blood thinners (e.g., warfarin) and medications for insomnia or anxiety.

• Thyroid Disorders: Due to high iodine levels, individuals with existing thyroid conditions should consult a physician before use.

Quality Risks & Control Solutions

• Heavy Metal Accumulation: Marine macroalgae are efficient biosorbents that can accumulate toxic levels of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury. The Metal Pollution Index (MPI) varies significantly by harvest location (Irminger Sea > Norwegian Sea > Barents Sea).

• Anticholinergic Toxicity: There is a documented risk of Burdock products being contaminated with atropine-like alkaloids during industrial processing, which can cause visual impairment and tachycardia.

• QC Solutions: Rigorous standardization is required to ensure consistent levels of bioactives (e.g., 95% piperine, specific fucoidan levels) and to verify that heavy metals remain below the limits set by the EFSA or FDA.

Regulatory Status & Transparency

• Dietary Supplement Positioning: This product is categorized as a nutraceutical or dietary supplement, intended to provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

• Structure/Function Language: Labels must use approved structure/function claims, such as:

    ◦ "Supports healthy metabolic function and thyroid health".

    ◦ "Provides antioxidant support to combat oxidative stress".

    ◦ "Promotes healthy nutrient absorption".

• Labeling Guardrails: The product cannot claim to treat or cure diseases (e.g., "cures obesity" or "treats Parkinson’s"). All claims must be accompanied by the standard FDA disclaimer.

Manufacturing & Documentation Discipline

To ensure safety and future FDA pathway readiness, the following standards are mandatory:

• cGMP Standards: Manufacturing must follow current Good Manufacturing Practices to prevent contamination and ensure consistency.

• Documentation Discipline: Internal QC/QA must maintain Certificates of Analysis (COAs) for every batch, verifying mineral/heavy metal concentrations and the botanical identity of the raw materials.

• Lot Traceability: Robust tracking is essential to manage potential recalls, especially given the environmental sensitivity of seaweed components to geographic pollution.

References

Core Reviews & High-Value Overviews: High-level sources that establish biological plausibility and ingredient legitimacy. 

1. Park SJ, Sharma A, Lee HJ. An Update on the Chemical Constituents and Biological Properties of Selected Species of an Underpinned Genus of Red Algae: Chondrus. Mar Drugs. 2024 Jan 17;22(1):47. doi: 10.3390/md22010047. PMID: 38248672; PMCID: PMC10817618. 

2. Catarino MD, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM. Phycochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Fucus spp. Mar Drugs. 2018 Jul 27;16(8):249. doi: 10.3390/md16080249. PMID: 30060505; PMCID: PMC6117670.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6117670/

3. Shyam M, Sabina EP. Harnessing the power of Arctium lappa root: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic applications. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2024 Aug 20;14(1):49. doi: 10.1007/s13659-024-00466-8. PMID: 39162715; PMCID: PMC11335715. 

4. Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW. A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Inflammopharmacology. 2011 Oct;19(5):245-54. doi: 10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4. Epub 2010 Oct 28. PMID: 20981575. 

Mechanisms of Action & Bioactive Constituents: Mechanistic and molecular studies explaining how the blend works.

Irish Moss (Chondrus crispus)

5. Liu J, Hafting J, Critchley AT, Banskota AH, Prithiviraj B. Components of the cultivated red seaweed Chondrus crispus enhance the immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans to Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the pmk-1, daf-2/daf-16, and skn-1 pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Dec;79(23):7343-50. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01927-13. Epub 2013 Sep 20. PMID: 24056462; PMCID: 

6. Liu, J.; Banskota, A.H.; Critchley, A.T.; Hafting, J.; Prithiviraj, B. Neuroprotective Effects of the Cultivated Chondrus crispus in a C. elegans Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 2250-2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13042250 

7. Park SJ, Sharma A, Lee HJ. An Update on the Chemical Constituents and Biological Properties of Selected Species of an Underpinned Genus of Red Algae: Chondrus. Mar Drugs. 2024 Jan 17;22(1):47. doi: 10.3390/md22010047. PMID: 38248672; PMCID: PMC10817618. 

Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)

8. Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON, Zakharov DV, Flisyuk EV, Terninko II, Generalova YE, Smekhova IE, Shikov AN. The Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fucus vesiculosus from the Arctic Region. Mar Drugs. 2022 Mar 6;20(3):193. doi: 10.3390/md20030193. PMID: 35323492; PMCID: PMC8954510.

9. Frazzini, S.; Rizzi, N.; Fifi, A.P.; Fusi, E.; Pilu, S.R.; Rossi, L. Functional Evaluation of Fucus vesiculosusExtract: Bioactivity Retention After In Vitro Digestion and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Murine Peritoneal Macrophages. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7911. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147911https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7911

Burdock (Arctium lappa)

10. Romano, E.; Domínguez-Rodríguez, G.; Mannina, L.; Cifuentes, A.; Ibáñez, E. Exploring the Influence of Growth-Related Conditions on the Antioxidant and Anticholinergic Properties of Pressurized Arctium lappaL. Root Extracts. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15136978

11. Gao, Q., Yang, M. & Zuo, Z. Overview of the anti-inflammatory effects, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacies of arctigenin and arctiin from Arctium lappa L. Acta Pharmacol Sin 39, 787–801 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2018.32 https://www.nature.com/articles/aps201832

Clinical Evidence (Human Trials & Translational Studies)

Seaweeds / Fucoidan

12. Myers SP, Mulder AM, Baker DG, Robinson SR, Rolfe MI, Brooks L, Fitton JH. Effects of fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus in reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biologics. 2016 May 26;10:81-8. doi: 10.2147/BTT.S95165. PMID: 27307702; PMCID: 

13. Keleszade, E.; Patterson, M.; Trangmar, S.; Guinan, K.J.; Costabile, A. Clinical Efficacy of Brown Seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus in the Prevention or Delay Progression of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Trials. Molecules 2021, 26, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules 26030714

14. De Martin, Sara & Gabbia, Daniela & Carrara, Maria & Ferri, Nicola. (2018). The Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum Reduce Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: A Clinical Study. Natural product communications. 13. 1691-1694. 10.1177/1934578X1801301228.

Chondrus crispus (Dietary Use)

15. Mount Saint Vincent University. “Adding Chondrus Crispus Seaweeds to a Meal: Effect on Sensory Perception, Physical Comfort, Satiety and Food Intake.” Clinicaltrials.gov, NIH National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2026, clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07127393. Accessed 25 Jan. 2026.

Burdock

16. Kurchenko MD, Oleg. “Clinical Efficacy Trial of Burdock Root Extract in Patients with Asymptomatic Hyperuricaemia.” Clinicaltrials.gov, NIH National Library of Medicine: National Center for Biotechnology Information, 30 July 2025, www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07002762. Accessed 25 Jan. 2026.

Safety, Interactions, and Adverse Events

17. Pomari E, Stefanon B, Colitti M. Effect of Arctium lappa (burdock) extract on canine dermal fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2013 Dec 15;156(3-4):159-66. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.008. Epub 2013 Oct 17. PMID: 24192279.

18. Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Córdova Martínez A, Seco-Calvo J. Iron and Physical Activity: Bioavailability Enhancers, Properties of Black Pepper (Bioperine®) and Potential Applications. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 24;12(6):1886. doi: 10.3390/nu12061886. PMID: 32599787; PMCID: PMC7353321.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7353321/ 

Processing, Identity, and Quality Considerations

19. López-Hortas L, Torres MD, Falqué E, Domínguez H. Physicochemical Evaluation of Personal Care Products Developed with Chondrus crispus Fractions Processed by Ecofriendly Methodologies. Mar Drugs. 2022 Nov 6;20(11):695. doi: 10.3390/md20110695. PMID: 36355018; PMCID: PMC9692426.

8. Obluchinskaya ED, Pozharitskaya ON, Zakharov DV, Flisyuk EV, Terninko II, Generalova YE, Smekhova IE, Shikov AN. The Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fucus vesiculosus from the Arctic Region. Mar Drugs. 2022 Mar 6;20(3):193. doi: 10.3390/md20030193. PMID: 35323492; PMCID: PMC8954510.

10. Romano, E.; Domínguez-Rodríguez, G.; Mannina, L.; Cifuentes, A.; Ibáñez, E. Exploring the Influence of Growth-Related Conditions on the Antioxidant and Anticholinergic Properties of Pressurized Arctium lappaL. Root Extracts. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15136978

Bioavailability & Formulation Support

17. Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Córdova Martínez A, Seco-Calvo J. Iron and Physical Activity: Bioavailability Enhancers, Properties of Black Pepper (Bioperine®) and Potential Applications. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 24;12(6):1886. doi: 10.3390/nu12061886. PMID: 32599787; PMCID: PMC7353321.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7353321/ 

20. Amjera, Rachel . “5 Emerging Benefits of BioPerine and Piperine Supplements.” Healthline, 1 Sept. 2021, www.healthline.com/nutrition/bioperine-and-piperine-supplement-benefits